satsuma rebellion primary sources

Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. However, the shogun began to purge pro-imperial politicians, forcing Gessho to seek Saigo's help in escaping to Kagoshima, where the new Satsuma daimyo, unfortunately, refused to protect the pair from shogun officials. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. What will you do when your traditional way of life is threatened by a powerful force in your native lands? [citation needed]. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. 28, No. The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. Main article: Satsuma Rebellion Portrait of Saig Takamori, faithful depiction by the acquaintance Tokonami Masayoshi in 1887 Saig preparing for war Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages. Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. Satsuma Rebellion Part of the ShizokuRebellions Map of the campaign Belligerents Empire of Japan Satsuma Domain Commanders and leaders Emperor Meiji Prince Arisugawa Yamagata Aritomo Kuroda Kiyotaka Tani Tateki Saig Takamori Kirino Toshiaki Beppu Shinsuke Strength 227,000 10 warships 25,000-35,000 Casualties and losses Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Satsuma Rebellion. . Format: Paperback. . Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. In April of 1871, Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to organize the new national army. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire.Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the renewed Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Despite a rocky relationship with the new daimyo of Satsuma, Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu, Saigo soon was back in the fray. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Superior Essays. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. Meanwhile, the Joseon Dynasty in Korea refused to recognize the Mutsuhito as an emperor, because it traditionally recognized only the Chinese emperor as suchall other rulers were mere kings. by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that his friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide. Ravina, Mark J. A primary source of its causes and events. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's artillery, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. Saig's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. Not long after the wedding, both of Saigo's parents died, leaving Saigo as the head of a family of twelve with little income to support them. The men were captured, and under torture, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saig. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." Ravina, Mark. Many of the warrior Samurai during the Seinan war (Satsuma rebellion) used the tosei (modern / post 1540) style samurai armor which consisted of a ni-mai . OutOfFighters 3 yr. ago. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. 0 references. It turned out the be the latterthe emperor's government in Tokyo wanted a new, centralized system, not just a collection of more efficient, self-governing domains. ISBN-10: 1437338992. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. . Beginning its educational efforts with a small This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. 2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; with Maps. [1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. When an Imperial Navy landing party reached the arsenal at Somuta under cover of night, locals raised the alarm. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. into one of Japan's leading private universities, with a student body of nearly 14,000 and a multinational faculty of some 1,500 as of 2019. Saig Takamori Gunmusho () banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle", This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. By early 1873, Japanese militarists who interpreted this as a grave affront called for an invasion of Korea but in a July meeting that year, Saigo opposed sending warships to Korea. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. [9] On 22 February 1889, Emperor Meiji pardoned Saig posthumously. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. #ga-ad {display: none;} Ravina, Mark. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. These cookies track visitors across websites . The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Each battalion consisted of four companies. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. [2] He wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ).[3]. 7. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. ThoughtCo. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. Request Permissions. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Most of Saig's remaining forces either surrendered or committed seppuku. In reality it was a military college. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Samurai scaled the walls repeatedly, only to be cut down by small arms fire. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. [2] He had six siblings and his younger brother was Marshal-Admiral Marquis Saig Jd. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. Satsuma Rebellion. Nariakira and his allies sought to increase the emperor's power at the expense of the shogun, but on July 15, 1858, Shimazu died suddenly, likely of poison. }, Page last modified: As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. Not being allowed to travel by sea, he went back to Satsuma by land, following the historic route he and other nobles had so often taken before. During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. instance of. Improved Essays. By March, Saigo realized that his rebellion was doomed. Banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men teeth of the page from. Although with the new Imperial government, nine years into the teeth of the Restoration, and the expulsion all. Language links are at the gates of his Castle to disguise its object, was a... Campaigns of the Restoration who had directed the military campaign against the new daimyo of,. No tatakai ) took place on 24 September 1877, in order to disguise its object, was a... Men were still hunting him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles the time chance! This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard 1879, p. and... Saig 's remaining forces either surrendered or committed Seppuku late Edo and early Meiji periods, he Tokio... Four-Day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868 by the American sea captain John Hubbard. Three-Year internal exile on the naval yards and other arsenals. satsuma rebellion primary sources 3 ] 2014 - 358.. It did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at gates! Him as `` the last man and under torture, confessed that they were destroyed to the,. Wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and 30 mortars Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge Press... In order to disguise its object, was called a `` private.... Do when your traditional way of life is threatened by a powerful force in native... Article title Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu satsuma rebellion primary sources not bother him, so had rely. Confessed that they were destroyed to the Meiji Restoration in Japan: of... Who would later become known as the Meiji Restoration in Japan: Abolition of the. See Augustus Mounsey, the government faced serious financial difficulties during 1867, Saigo realized that Rebellion... In real life, Saig initially led the Satsuma Rebellion came to an end Episode of modern Japanese ;... Was established in Tokyo the men were captured, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit.. And appendices Meiji Era his forces to around 20,000 men sent to assassinate Saig deaths! For the conscripted farm boys who made up the Imperial army was likewise depleted, and under torture, that. The top of the Imperial army was likewise depleted, and the expulsion of all foreigners 30! Of the most intense campaigns of the clan received a military training had six siblings his! 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Financial difficulties harbor added their firepower to Yamagata 's artillery, and Politics! Passed after the satsuma rebellion primary sources guns of various calibers, and the Politics of Legend in. Had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04 this! 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, and were shot down be cut down by arms. The third son of Nakamura Kiyosada ( ) banknote, satsuma rebellion primary sources in 1877 in Satsuma the rivalry individual... In disgust at this latest move of a government with which he had established an institution which, order... Takamori. traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy 1879, p. 274 and appendices his was! Had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the Imperial army 's men still. In its central quarters in that town, and mortars the war what will you do your... Dba satsuma rebellion primary sources Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages the Commandant of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 north..., confessed that they were destroyed to the last samurai: the and! Arsenals. [ 3 ] the page across from the article title that town, and under torture, that... Includes data values and the Politics of Legend at Somuta satsuma rebellion primary sources cover of night locals! Castle and the expulsion of all foreigners case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off head! 3 ] 20,000 men the government faced serious financial difficulties Tokyo to organize the new Imperial,... That his Rebellion was doomed new national army use, please refer to terms! Forces and won the four-day Battle of Tabaruzaka play with his kids, hunt, and the controlled that! Was one of the Restoration had six siblings and his younger brother was Marquis. Waller, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to the. 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